Abstract
At least 300 million adults in the world are obese and about 2 million are overweight. Unfortunately, these numbers continue to grow faster than any other problem the medical system has faced so far. Being obese or overweight affects both one’s mental and physical health. Therefore, given the severity of the situation, the present article aims to provide an overview of the risks factors related to obesity, its costs and the causes and factors that lead to obesity and overweight. In addition, the article also approaches the problem of regaining weight after a weight loss program.
References
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Thorpe, K. (2009). The Future Costs of Obesity: National and state estimates of the impacts of obesity on direct health care expenses. Collaborative report from United Health Foundation, the American Public Health Association and Partnership for Prevention.
Wadden, T. A., & Butryn, M. L. (2003). Behavioral treatment of obesity. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, 32(4), 981-1003.
Wang, Y. C., McPherson, K., Marsh, T., Gortmaker, S. L., & Brown, M. (2011). Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. The Lancet, 378(9793), 815-825.
Wickham, C. A., & Carbone, E. T. (2015). Who’s calling for weight loss? A systematic review of mobile phone weight loss programs for adolescents.Nutrition reviews, 73(6), 386-398.
Wieland, L. S., Falzon, L., Sciamanna, C. N., Trudeau, K. J., Brodney, S., Schwartz, J. E., & Davidson, K. W. (2012). Interactive computer-based interventions for weight loss or weight maintenance in overweight or obese people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8(8).
Wolff, G. E., & Clark, M. M. (2001). Changes in eating self-efficacy and body image following cognitive–behavioral group therapy for binge eating disorder: A clinical study. Eating Behaviors, 2(2), 97-104.
World Health Organization [WHO] (2015). Obesity and Overweight. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs3
Beydoun, M. A., Beydoun, H. A., & Wang, Y. (2008). Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 9(3), 204-218.
Center of Disease, Control and Prevention [CDC] (2015). What causes overweight adn obesity?. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes/index.html.
Collingwood, J. (2007). Obesity and mental health [Psych Central]. Retrieved from http://psychcentral.com/lib/obesity-and-mental-health/
Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2001). A new cognitive behavioural approach to the treatment of obesity. Behaviour research and therapy, 39(5), 499-511.
Coons, M. J., DeMott, A., Buscemi, J., Duncan, J. M., Pellegrini, C. A., Steglitz, J., ... & Spring, B. (2012). Technology interventions to curb obesity: a systematic review of the current literature. Current cardiovascular risk reports,6(2), 120-134.
Dobbs, R., Sawers, C., Thompson, F., Manyika, J., Woetzel, J. R., Child, P., ... & Spatharou, A. (2014). Overcoming obesity: An initial economic analysis. McKinsey Global Institute.
Gazzaniga, M., & Heatherton, T. (2015). Psychological Science: Fifth International Student Edition. WW Norton & Company.
Harvard T.H. Chan (n.d.). Health Risks. Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/
Hill, J. O., Thompson, H., & Wyatt, H. (2005). Weight maintenance: what’s missing? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(5), 63-66.
Liao, K. L. M. (2000). Cognitive-behavioural approaches and weight management: an overview. The journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 120(1), 27-30.
Luppino, F. S., de Wit, L. M., Bouvy, P. F., Stijnen, T., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B. W., & Zitman, F. G. (2010). Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Archives of general psychiatry, 67(3), 220-229.
Mayo Clinic (2015). Diseases and Conditions: Obesity. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/basics/definition/con-20014834?p=1
Mayo Clinic (2016). Bulimia nervosa. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bulimia/home/ovc-20179821
Mills, H. (2005). Psychological Consequences of Being Overweight. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/psychological-consequences-of-being-overweight/
Nath, T. (n.d.). The Economic Cost of an Obese Society. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/041715/economic-cost-obese-society.asp
National Eating Disorders (n. d.). Bulmia nervosa. Retrieved from https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/bulimia-nervosa
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (2012). What are Overweight and Obese?. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe
Obesity Society (2015). The Obesity Society Infographic Task Force. Retrieved from http://www.obesity.org/obesity/resources/facts-about-obesity/infographics/potential-contributors-to-obesity
Perri, M. G., Limacher, M. C., Castel‐Roberts, K., Daniels, M. J., Durning, P. E., Janicke, D. M., ... & Martin, A. D. (2014). Comparative effectiveness of three doses of weight‐loss counseling: Two‐year findings from the rural LITE trial. Obesity, 22(11), 2293-2300.
Raaijmakers, L. C., Pouwels, S., Berghuis, K. A., & Nienhuijs, S. W. (2015). Technology-based interventions in the treatment of overweight and obesity: A systematic review. Appetite, 95, 138-151.
Russell-Mayhew, S., McVey, G., Bardick, A., & Ireland, A. (2012). Mental health, wellness, and childhood overweight/obesity. Journal of obesity, 2012.
Scott, K. M., Bruffaerts, R., Simon, G. E., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., de Girolamo, G., ... & Kessler, R. C. (2008). Obesity and mental disorders in the general population: results from the world mental health surveys. International journal of obesity, 32(1), 192-200.
Stahre, L., Tärnell, B., Håkanson, C. E., & Hällström, T. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of two weight-reducing short-term group treatment programs for obesity with an 18—month follow—up. International journal of behavioral medicine, 14(1), 48-55.
Thorpe, K. (2009). The Future Costs of Obesity: National and state estimates of the impacts of obesity on direct health care expenses. Collaborative report from United Health Foundation, the American Public Health Association and Partnership for Prevention.
Wadden, T. A., & Butryn, M. L. (2003). Behavioral treatment of obesity. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, 32(4), 981-1003.
Wang, Y. C., McPherson, K., Marsh, T., Gortmaker, S. L., & Brown, M. (2011). Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. The Lancet, 378(9793), 815-825.
Wickham, C. A., & Carbone, E. T. (2015). Who’s calling for weight loss? A systematic review of mobile phone weight loss programs for adolescents.Nutrition reviews, 73(6), 386-398.
Wieland, L. S., Falzon, L., Sciamanna, C. N., Trudeau, K. J., Brodney, S., Schwartz, J. E., & Davidson, K. W. (2012). Interactive computer-based interventions for weight loss or weight maintenance in overweight or obese people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8(8).
Wolff, G. E., & Clark, M. M. (2001). Changes in eating self-efficacy and body image following cognitive–behavioral group therapy for binge eating disorder: A clinical study. Eating Behaviors, 2(2), 97-104.
World Health Organization [WHO] (2015). Obesity and Overweight. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs3