Abstract
This paper brings in atention a concept emerging in the United States of America in the 1980s, which is then defined and developed as a theory in the 1990s, namely Public Service Motivation. Based on self-determination theory, the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the public service motivation variable and organizational commitment, abusive supervision and salary satisfaction. We have used multiple linear regression analysis as well as linear hierarchical analysis to test these relationships and to control two individual variables, the age and seniority of the participants. Results suggest that the organizational commitment is positively associated, and abusive supervision and satisfaction with salary are negatively associated with public service motivation. Age and seniority variables did not have a statistically significant relationship with the independent variable. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed.
References
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Bakker, A. B. (2015). A job demands-resources approach to public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 723-732. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12388
Behn, R. D. (1995). The big questions of public management. Public Administration Review, 55(4), 313-324. https:// doi.org/ 10.2307/977122
Bellé, N. (2013). Experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance. Public Administration Review, 73(1), 143-153. https:// doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-6210.2012.02621.x
Bellé, N. (2015). Performance-related pay and the crowding out of motivation in the public sector: A randomized field experiment. Public Administration Review, 75(2), 230-241. https:// doi.org/ 10.1111 /puar.12313
Carpenter, J., Doverspike, D., & Miguel, R. F. (2012). Public service motivation as a predictor of attraction to the public sector. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 509-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.004
Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 980-1008. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035661
Christensen, R. K., & Wright, B. E. (2011). The effects of public service motivation on job choice decisions: disentangling the contributions of person-organization fit and person-job fit. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(4), 723-743. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq085
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182-185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
Desmarais, C., & Gamassou, C. E. (2014). All motivated by public service? The links between hierarchical position and public service motivation. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 80(1), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852313509553
Esteve, M., Urbig, D., van Witteloostuijn, A., & Boyne, G. (2016). Prosocial behavior and public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 76(1), 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12480
Heneman, H. G., & Schwab, D. P. (1985). Pay satisfaction: Its multidimensional nature and measurement*. International Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598508247727
Horton, S. (2008). History and persistence of an idea and an ideal. Motivation in public management: The call of public service, 17–32.
Iverson, R. D., & Buttigieg, D. M. (1999). Affective, normative and continuance commitment: can the „Right Kind” of commitment be managed? Journal of Management Studies, 36(3), 307-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00138
Kim, S. (2006). Public service motivation and organizational citizenship behavior in Korea. International Journal of Manpower, 27(8), 722-740. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610713521
Kim, S. (2017). National culture and public service motivation: investigating the relationship using Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83(1_suppl), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852315596214
Kim, S., & Vandenabeele, W. (2010). A strategy for building public service motivation research internationally. Public Administration Review, 70(5), 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02198.x
Kim, S., Vandenabeele, W., Wright, B. E., Andersen, L. B., Cerase, F. P., Christensen, R. K., … De Vivo, P. (2013). Investigating the structure and meaning of public service motivation across populations: Developing an international instrument and addressing issues of measurement invariance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(1), 79-102. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus027
Leisink, P., & Steijn, B. (2009). Public service motivation and job performance of public sector employees in the Netherlands. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 75(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099505
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negativereciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159-1168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1159
Mostafa, A. M. S., Gould-Williams, J. S., & Bottomley, P. (2015). High-performance human resource practices and employee outcomes: The mediating role of public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 747-757. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12354
Perry, J. L. (1996). Measuring public service motivation: An assessment of construct reliability and validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303
Perry, J. L. (1997). Antecedents of public service motivation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7(2), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024345
Perry, J. L. (2000). Bringing society in: Toward a theory of public-service motivation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory: J-PART, 10(2), 471-488.
Perry, J. L., Brudney, J. L., Coursey, D., & Littlepage, L. (2008). What drives morally committed citizens? A study of the antecedents ofpublic service motivation. Public Administration Review, 68(3), 445-458.
Perry, J. L., & Hondeghem, A. (2008). Building theory and empirical evidence about public service motivation. International Public Management Journal, 11(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887673
Perry, J. L., Mesch, D., & Paarlberg, L. (2006). Motivating employees in a new governance era: The performance paradigm revisited. Public Administration Review, 66(4), 505-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-6210.2006.00611.x
Perry, J. L., & Vandenabeele, W. (2015). Public service motivation research: Achievements, challenges, and future directions. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 692-699. https:// doi.org/10.1111/puar.12430
Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review, 50(3), 367. https://doi.org/10.2307/976618
Potipiroon, W., & Ford, M. T. (2017). Does public service motivation always lead to organizational commitment? Examining the roles of intrinsic motivation and ethical leadership. Public Personnel Management, 46(3), 211-238. https://doi.org /10.1177/0091026017717241
Rainey, H. G. (1982). Reward preferences among public and private managers: In search of the service ethic. The American Review of Public Administration, 16(4), 288-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/027507408201600402
Ritz, A., & Brewer, G. A. (2013). Does societal culture affect public service motivation? Evidence of sub-national differences in Switzerland. International Public Management Journal, 16(2), 224-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.817249
Ritz, A., Brewer, G. A., & Neumann, O. (2016). Public service motivation: A systematic literature review and outlook. Public Administration Review, 76(3), 414-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12505
Schott, C., & Pronk, J. L. J. (2014). Investigating and explaining organizational antecedents of PSM. Evidence-Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 2(1), 28-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-07-2013-0021
Schott, C., & Ritz, A. (2018). The dark sides of public service motivation: A multi-level theoretical framework. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 1(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvx011
Shaw, J. D., Duffy, M. K., & Jenkins, G. D. (1999). Positive and negative affect, signal sensitivity, and pay satisfaction. Journal of Management, 25(2), 189–205.
Shim, D. C., Park, H. H., & Eom, T. H. (2017). Street-level bureaucrats’ turnover intention: Does public service motivation matter? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83(3) 563-582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852315582137
Steijn, B. (2008). Person-Environment Fit and Public Service Motivation. International Public Management Journal, 11(1), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887863
Tummers, L. G., Olsen, A. L., Jilke, S., & Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G. (2016). Introduction to the virtual issue on behavioral public administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 1-3.
Ugaddan, R. G., & Park, S. M. (2017). Quality of leadership and public service motivation: A social exchange perspective on employee engagement. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 30(3), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-08-2016-0133
Van der Wal, Z. (2015). “All quiet on the non-Western front?” A review of public service motivation scholarship in non-Western contexts. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 37(2), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2015.1041223
Van Loon, N. M., Vandenabeele, W., & Leisink, P. (2015). On the bright and dark side of public service motivation: The relationship between PSM and employee wellbeing. Public Money & Management, 35(5), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2015.1061171
Van Loon, N. M., Vandenabeele, W., & Leisink, P. (2017). Clarifying the relationship between public service motivation and in-role and extra-role behaviors: The relative contributions of person-job and person-organization fit. The American Review of Public Administration, 47(6), 699–713.
Vandenabeele, W. (2007). Toward a public administration theory of public service motivation: An institutional approach. Public Management Review, 9(4), 545-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030701726697
Vandenabeele, W. (2008). Government calling: Public service motivation as an element in selecting government as an employer of choice. Public Administration, 1089-1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.00728.x
Vandenabeele, W., Brewer, G. A., & Ritz, A. (2014). Past, present, and future of public service motivation research. Public Administration, 92(4), 779-789. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12136
Vandenabeele, W., Ritz, A., & Neumann, O. (2018). Public service motivation: state of the art and conceptual cleanup. În E. Ongaro & S. Van Thiel (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Public Administration and Management in Europe (pp. 261-278). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55269-3_13
Vogel, D., & Kroll, A. (2016). The stability and change of PSM-related values across time: testing theoretical expectations against panel data. International Public Management Journal, 19(1), 53-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2015.1047544
Wright, B. E., Christensen, R. K., & Pandey, S. K. (2013). Measuring public service motivation: Exploring the equivalence of existing global measures. International Public Management Journal, 16(2), 197-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.817242
Bakker, A. B. (2015). A job demands-resources approach to public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 723-732. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12388
Behn, R. D. (1995). The big questions of public management. Public Administration Review, 55(4), 313-324. https:// doi.org/ 10.2307/977122
Bellé, N. (2013). Experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance. Public Administration Review, 73(1), 143-153. https:// doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-6210.2012.02621.x
Bellé, N. (2015). Performance-related pay and the crowding out of motivation in the public sector: A randomized field experiment. Public Administration Review, 75(2), 230-241. https:// doi.org/ 10.1111 /puar.12313
Carpenter, J., Doverspike, D., & Miguel, R. F. (2012). Public service motivation as a predictor of attraction to the public sector. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 509-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.004
Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 980-1008. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035661
Christensen, R. K., & Wright, B. E. (2011). The effects of public service motivation on job choice decisions: disentangling the contributions of person-organization fit and person-job fit. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(4), 723-743. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq085
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182-185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
Desmarais, C., & Gamassou, C. E. (2014). All motivated by public service? The links between hierarchical position and public service motivation. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 80(1), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852313509553
Esteve, M., Urbig, D., van Witteloostuijn, A., & Boyne, G. (2016). Prosocial behavior and public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 76(1), 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12480
Heneman, H. G., & Schwab, D. P. (1985). Pay satisfaction: Its multidimensional nature and measurement*. International Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598508247727
Horton, S. (2008). History and persistence of an idea and an ideal. Motivation in public management: The call of public service, 17–32.
Iverson, R. D., & Buttigieg, D. M. (1999). Affective, normative and continuance commitment: can the „Right Kind” of commitment be managed? Journal of Management Studies, 36(3), 307-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00138
Kim, S. (2006). Public service motivation and organizational citizenship behavior in Korea. International Journal of Manpower, 27(8), 722-740. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610713521
Kim, S. (2017). National culture and public service motivation: investigating the relationship using Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83(1_suppl), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852315596214
Kim, S., & Vandenabeele, W. (2010). A strategy for building public service motivation research internationally. Public Administration Review, 70(5), 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02198.x
Kim, S., Vandenabeele, W., Wright, B. E., Andersen, L. B., Cerase, F. P., Christensen, R. K., … De Vivo, P. (2013). Investigating the structure and meaning of public service motivation across populations: Developing an international instrument and addressing issues of measurement invariance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(1), 79-102. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus027
Leisink, P., & Steijn, B. (2009). Public service motivation and job performance of public sector employees in the Netherlands. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 75(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099505
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negativereciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159-1168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1159
Mostafa, A. M. S., Gould-Williams, J. S., & Bottomley, P. (2015). High-performance human resource practices and employee outcomes: The mediating role of public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 747-757. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12354
Perry, J. L. (1996). Measuring public service motivation: An assessment of construct reliability and validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303
Perry, J. L. (1997). Antecedents of public service motivation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7(2), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024345
Perry, J. L. (2000). Bringing society in: Toward a theory of public-service motivation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory: J-PART, 10(2), 471-488.
Perry, J. L., Brudney, J. L., Coursey, D., & Littlepage, L. (2008). What drives morally committed citizens? A study of the antecedents ofpublic service motivation. Public Administration Review, 68(3), 445-458.
Perry, J. L., & Hondeghem, A. (2008). Building theory and empirical evidence about public service motivation. International Public Management Journal, 11(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887673
Perry, J. L., Mesch, D., & Paarlberg, L. (2006). Motivating employees in a new governance era: The performance paradigm revisited. Public Administration Review, 66(4), 505-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1540-6210.2006.00611.x
Perry, J. L., & Vandenabeele, W. (2015). Public service motivation research: Achievements, challenges, and future directions. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 692-699. https:// doi.org/10.1111/puar.12430
Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review, 50(3), 367. https://doi.org/10.2307/976618
Potipiroon, W., & Ford, M. T. (2017). Does public service motivation always lead to organizational commitment? Examining the roles of intrinsic motivation and ethical leadership. Public Personnel Management, 46(3), 211-238. https://doi.org /10.1177/0091026017717241
Rainey, H. G. (1982). Reward preferences among public and private managers: In search of the service ethic. The American Review of Public Administration, 16(4), 288-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/027507408201600402
Ritz, A., & Brewer, G. A. (2013). Does societal culture affect public service motivation? Evidence of sub-national differences in Switzerland. International Public Management Journal, 16(2), 224-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.817249
Ritz, A., Brewer, G. A., & Neumann, O. (2016). Public service motivation: A systematic literature review and outlook. Public Administration Review, 76(3), 414-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12505
Schott, C., & Pronk, J. L. J. (2014). Investigating and explaining organizational antecedents of PSM. Evidence-Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 2(1), 28-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-07-2013-0021
Schott, C., & Ritz, A. (2018). The dark sides of public service motivation: A multi-level theoretical framework. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 1(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvx011
Shaw, J. D., Duffy, M. K., & Jenkins, G. D. (1999). Positive and negative affect, signal sensitivity, and pay satisfaction. Journal of Management, 25(2), 189–205.
Shim, D. C., Park, H. H., & Eom, T. H. (2017). Street-level bureaucrats’ turnover intention: Does public service motivation matter? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83(3) 563-582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852315582137
Steijn, B. (2008). Person-Environment Fit and Public Service Motivation. International Public Management Journal, 11(1), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887863
Tummers, L. G., Olsen, A. L., Jilke, S., & Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G. (2016). Introduction to the virtual issue on behavioral public administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 1-3.
Ugaddan, R. G., & Park, S. M. (2017). Quality of leadership and public service motivation: A social exchange perspective on employee engagement. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 30(3), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-08-2016-0133
Van der Wal, Z. (2015). “All quiet on the non-Western front?” A review of public service motivation scholarship in non-Western contexts. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 37(2), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2015.1041223
Van Loon, N. M., Vandenabeele, W., & Leisink, P. (2015). On the bright and dark side of public service motivation: The relationship between PSM and employee wellbeing. Public Money & Management, 35(5), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2015.1061171
Van Loon, N. M., Vandenabeele, W., & Leisink, P. (2017). Clarifying the relationship between public service motivation and in-role and extra-role behaviors: The relative contributions of person-job and person-organization fit. The American Review of Public Administration, 47(6), 699–713.
Vandenabeele, W. (2007). Toward a public administration theory of public service motivation: An institutional approach. Public Management Review, 9(4), 545-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030701726697
Vandenabeele, W. (2008). Government calling: Public service motivation as an element in selecting government as an employer of choice. Public Administration, 1089-1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.00728.x
Vandenabeele, W., Brewer, G. A., & Ritz, A. (2014). Past, present, and future of public service motivation research. Public Administration, 92(4), 779-789. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12136
Vandenabeele, W., Ritz, A., & Neumann, O. (2018). Public service motivation: state of the art and conceptual cleanup. În E. Ongaro & S. Van Thiel (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Public Administration and Management in Europe (pp. 261-278). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55269-3_13
Vogel, D., & Kroll, A. (2016). The stability and change of PSM-related values across time: testing theoretical expectations against panel data. International Public Management Journal, 19(1), 53-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2015.1047544
Wright, B. E., Christensen, R. K., & Pandey, S. K. (2013). Measuring public service motivation: Exploring the equivalence of existing global measures. International Public Management Journal, 16(2), 197-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.817242